2015考研阅读理解解题技巧剖析

柔小依依

真题示例：2009年英语(一)Text 3
[注#1]：蓝色背景字体是转折句。
[注#2]：以下解析中的“魔析”是对“转折主旨接近法则”的套用，“哇斩”是哇魔力给出的“不看文章直接选答案”的经典技巧。
[注#3]：每道题都可“哇斩”，以下只是给出了部分题的“哇斩”示例。

[第1段]：The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike. Progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; ①however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that it is, because building new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.

/第31题(标注红色的选项是答案)
The author holds in paragraph 1 that the importance of education in poor countries
[A] is subject to groundless doubts
[B] has fallen victim of bias
[C] is conventionally downgraded
[D] has been overestimated
[魔析]：很明显，该题定位第1段，该段中有转折句①。①说的是“认为贫穷国家为促进经济高速发展而应该把教育放在首要地位的传统观点是非常错误的”，据此很容易选出D是答案。
[注#1]：若选项中含前缀是“over”的词汇，比如D中“overestimated”，此类选项通常是答案。
[注#2]：题干关键词“importance”对应①中的“the very highest priorities”。
[注#3]：①中“wrong”带有明显的感情色彩，是一个态度词，体现了作者的观点，与题干中的“The author holds”相对应。
[注#4]：此题也可直接“哇斩”，非常简单，你知道如何看吗？

/第32题(标注红色的选项是答案)
It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system
[A] challenges economists and politicians
[B] takes efforts of generations
[C] demands priority from the government
[D] requires sufficient labor force
[魔析]：很明显，该题定位第1段，该段中有转折句①。①没有提供答案线索，此时再看紧跟①后面的句子（蓝色字体），句中“require two or three generations”与选项B是同义替换，所以答案选B。
[哇斩]：选项BD说的都是与“人”有关的话题（指B中“generations”和D中“labor force”），所以答案应在BD中选（注：答案通常在表述相同话题的选项中选）。根据常识，“教育体系的构建”需要的是人才，而不是劳动力(labor force)，所以D表述不恰当，排除D，答案选B。不看文章，直接选出答案。

[第2段]：Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak, the U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of the primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. ②Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda, Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts - a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.

/第33题(标注红色的选项是答案)
A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that
[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined
[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive
[C] the U.S workforce has a better education
[D] the U.S workforce is more organized
[魔析]：根据题干关键词（蓝色字体）定位第2段（见绿色字体），该段中有转折句②。②中的比较结构“the U.S. factories...achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts”说明美国的生产力差一些，很容易选出B是答案。其中，②中的“productivity”对应B中的“productive”。
[哇斩]：此题可通过支持原则进行判断，即“因为A（日本劳工更训练有素）所以B（日本劳工生产力更高一些），答案选B”。而对于选项CD，因为“better education（受教育更好）”与“more organized（更有组织）”之间没有必然联系，所以二者之间不存在支持关系。
[注]：支持原则的基本内容是“若X支持说明Y（或者：因为X所以Y），则答案选Y”。

[第3段]：③More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.

[第4段]：What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it. After all, that’s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.

/第34题(标注红色的选项是答案)
The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged
[A] when people had enough time
[B] prior to better ways of finding food
[C] when people no longer went hungry(哇斩：根据哲学常识，经济基础决定上层建筑，所以只有先解决了温饱问题，才会考虑教育问题。所以此题答案选C。不看文章，直接选出答案)
[D] as a result of pressure on government(哇斩：“教育出现是政府施压的结果”显然违背常识，排除D)
[魔析]：根据题干关键词（蓝色字体）定位第4段（见绿色字体），该段没有转折句。距该段最近的转折句有③和④。而③中不含关键词“education”，④中有，所以定位转折句④。④是一个“but...however...On the contrary...”结构的转折句，重心是“On the contrary”后面的内容，它说的是生产力提升受到限制导致教育没有更快的发展，也就是说，生产力发展是前提，应优先解决生产力的发展，这与选项C（在解决了温饱的情况下）表述一致，所以答案选C。

[第5段]：As education improved, humanity’s productivity increased as well. When the competitive environment pushed our ancestors to achieve that potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, ④but not a sufficient condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.

/第35题(标注红色的选项是答案)
According to the last paragraph, development of education
[A] results directly from competitive environments
[B] does not depend on economic performance
[C] follows improved productivity(哇斩#1：根据哲学常识，经济基础决定上层建筑，生产力越发达，教育也就越发达，所以B错，答案选C。不看文章，直接选出答案)
[D] cannot afford political changes
[魔析]：很明显，该题定位第5段，该段中有转折句④。如第34题解析所述，④的重心是“On the contrary”后面的内容，强调的是生产力发展是前提，应优先解决生产力的发展，所以教育发展处于跟随状态，这与选项C表述一致，所以答案选C。
[哇斩#2]：此题问的是最后一段，最后一段通常带有总结性，与主旨相关，所以此题答案应该是与主旨最接近的那个选项。主旨具有概括性、抽象性和深刻性，在四个选项中，C中“productivity(生产力)”是哲学术语，比A中“competitive environments(竞争性环境)”、B中“economic performance(经济表现)”和D中“political changes(政治变革)”更具有抽象性和深刻性，所以C与主旨最接近，答案选C。